During the past century it has been established that regions within solid tumours experience
mild to severe O 2 deprivation owing to aberrant vascular function. These hypoxic regions …

System x c ‐ is an amino acid antiporter that typically mediates the exchange of extracellular
l‐cystine and intracellular l‐glutamate across the cellular plasma membrane. Studied in a …

The success of immune checkpoint blockade in patients with a wide variety of malignancies
has changed the treatment paradigm in oncology. However, combination therapies with …

The therapeutic options for patients with noninvasive or invasive breast cancer are complex
and varied. These NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for Breast Cancer include …

Several new systemic therapy options have become available for patients with metastatic
breast cancer, which have led to improvements in survival. In addition to patient and clinical …

Bone marrow (BM) metastasis of breast cancer (BC) can recur even decades after initial
diagnosis and treatment, implying the long-term survival of disseminated cancer cells in a …

The NCCN Guidelines for Breast Cancer include up-to-date guidelines for clinical management
of patients with carcinoma in situ, invasive breast cancer, Paget disease, phyllodes tumor…

Transparency and disclosure are integral to corporate governance. In this paper, we use a
new dataset to analyze Transparency & Disclosure scores (T&D score) in 19 emerging …

Importance Time to surgery (TTS) is of concern to patients and clinicians, but controversy
surrounds its effect on breast cancer survival. There remains little national data evaluating the …

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α display unique and sometimes opposing
activities in regulating cellular energy homeostasis, cell fate decisions, and oncogenesis. …